5-(Chloromethyl)Furfural as a Potential Source for Continuous Hydrogenation of 5-(Hydroxymethyl)Furfural to 2,5-Bis(Hydroxymethyl)Furan.

Invited for this month's cover is the group of Prof. Young-Woong Suh at Hanyang University, Republic of Korea. The cover picture depicts the conceptual design of plastic manufacture starting from 5-(chloromethyl)furfural (CMF) generated from raw biomass (rice straw in the picture). The processing is to hydrolyze the CMF to 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural (HMF) in aqueous medium, followed by catalytic hydrogenation into 2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)furan (BHMF). The BHMF can be used as a monomer for plastics including polyurethanes, epoxy resins, and polyesters. More information can be found in the Research Article by Y.-W. Suh and co-workers.

5-(Chloromethyl)Furfural as a Potential Source for Continuous Hydrogenation of 5-(Hydroxymethyl)Furfural to 2,5-Bis(Hydroxymethyl)Furan.

5-(Chloromethyl)furfural (CMF) is cheaper than sugars, because it can be obtained from biomass waste. Herein, the stepwise conversion of CMF to 2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)furan (BHMF) via 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural (HMF) was demonstrated for the first time. The purified CMF was hydrolyzed in continuous mode followed by extraction with ethyl acetate (EA), resulting in a HMF yield of 70 mol%. The following factors were assessed during continuous hydrogenation of the produced HMF: the presence of EA in the reaction solvent, HMF concentrations of up to 10 wt% in the feed, the mass production of mesoporous Cu-Al2 O3 (meso-CuA-kg), the shaping of meso-CuA-kg into cylindrical pellets, and the setup of the catalytic reactor. Through these efforts, the hydrogenation of HMF over meso-CuA-kg could be sustained for 100 h under the above optimized conditions, affording BHMF in 98 % yield. The approach described in this study can greatly contribute to the value-added transformation of CMF into HMF and BHMF.

Humanization of an agonistic anti-death receptor 4 single chain variable fragment antibody and avidity-mediated enhancement of its cell death-inducing activity.

Development of agonistic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against the pro-apoptotic molecule death receptor 4 (DR4) [or tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) receptor 1] is an attractive anti-cancer strategy because of their potential for inducing tumor-specific cell death. In this study, we humanized an agonistic anti-DR4 AY4 scFv raised in mice (mAY4) by grafting the complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) onto a fixed human framework, while preserving the so-called Vernier zone residues, a group of framework (FR) residues directly underneath the CDRs, with the murine residues in the humanized antibody, hAY4. The humanized hAY4 scFv maintained the antigen binding affinity and epitope specificity of mAY4. To investigate how the valence of hAY4 scFv affects DR4-mediated cell death, bivalent and trivalent forms of hAY4 scFv were generated by linking a hinge region to the coiled-coil domain of a dimerizing leucine zipper and trimerizing isoleucine zipper, respectively. Compared to the monovalent and bivalent forms, the trivalent hAY4 scFv induced more potent caspase-dependent apoptotic cell death as evidenced by increased activation of caspase-8 and downstream pro-apoptotic molecules. Our results suggest that like other TNF family receptors, avidity-mediated oligomerization of DR4 augments the receptor-mediated apoptotic cell death by promoting intracellular cell death signaling.

Immunomodulatory properties of dietary plum on coccidiosis.

The current study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation with a lyophilized powder made from plums (P) on host protective immune responses against avian coccidiosis, the most economically important parasitic disease of poultry. One-day-old White Leghorn chickens were fed from the time of hatch with a standard diet either without P (control and P 0 groups) or supplemented with P at 0.5% (P 0.5) or 1.0% (P 1.0) of the diet. Animals in the P 0, P 0.5, and P 1.0 groups were orally challenged with 5000 sporulated oocysts of Eimeria acervulina at day 12 post-hatch, while control animals were uninfected. Dietary supplementation of P increased body weight gain, reduced fecal oocyst shedding, and increased the levels of mRNAs for interferon-gamma and interleukin-15 in the P 1.0 group at 10 days post-infection compared with the P 0 group. Furthermore, chickens fed either the P 0.5 or P 1.0 diets exhibited significantly greater spleen cell proliferation compared with the non-plum P 0 group. These results indicate that plum possesses immune enhancing properties, and that feeding chickens a plum-supplemented diet augments protective immunity against coccidiosis.